Dynamic Interplay: Transitioning Between Vortex Breakdown and ElectroVortex Flow

This paper presents a comprehensive numerical investigation into the interaction between fluid flow and magnetic fields, focusing on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) phenomena within a hemispherical container filled with a gallium–indium–tin (Ga-In-Sn) conducting liquid. We explore the impact of varying external magnetic field intensities on flow patterns. The results indicate the presence of electro-vortex flow (EVF) at low magnetic field strengths. As the magnetic field intensity increases, a vortex breakdown flow (VBF) emerges and progressively dominates the system at high magnetic fields. Essentially, the flow pattern undergoes a transformation from a "rope tornado" to a "tornado," then to a "cyclone," and finally to an "inverted tornado" as the magnetic field strength increases.