Technical comparison of Fischer-Tropsch, Methanol-to-Jet and HEFA pathway for the production of Sustainable Aviation Fuels

This master thesis simulates and compares three sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) production pathways consisting of Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis, Methanol-to-Jet (MtJ), and Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA). The aim of this study was to evaluate and assess the efficiency and sustainability of each route by comparing key performance indicators (KPIs) such as carbon conversion efficiency, energy performance, and Power-to-Liquid efficiency. Simulations showed that none of the routes is universally superior. FT was the most efficient in terms of carbon utilization, but its advantage lacks due to high electricity demands. The MtJ route offered flexibility in terms of feedstock availability but resulted in lower carbon efficiency. The HEFA route demonstrated the highest energy conversion and Power-to-Liquid efficiency but faces challenges with the availability of sustainable lipid feedstocks. Each route presents strengths and weaknesses that must be considered based on regional requirements and specific project needs.