The future of freight: Evaluating the environmental and economic benefits of diesel, LNG, and electric trucks in multimodal transport

In the context of sustainable logistics, innovative approaches are imperative, with intermodal transport being recognised as a pivotal solution for mitigating environmental impact and enhancing efficiency. This study analyses the dynamic interaction between diesel, LNG and electric trucks in direct transport as well as in the pre- and on-carriage segments of intermodal transport chains. Utilising a discrete-event simulation model founded upon genuine operating data derived from an Austrian forestry enterprise, this study undertakes a comprehensive investigation into the ecological and economic ramifications of alternative drive systems. The findings indicate that LNG lorries emerge as a particularly cost-effective solution, while electric lorries demonstrate the lowest greenhouse gas emissions. However, the findings also highlight the impact of limitations in charging infrastructure and high energy costs on the efficiency of these vehicles. Diesel lorries offer a balanced middle ground but cannot dominate in either category. The study emphasises the transformative potential of alternative fuel technologies in multimodal systems and provides a basis for decision-making for the sustainable design of logistics chains. The study underscores the significance of a diversified fleet strategy to achieve environmental and economic objectives, particularly in the context of the European climate targets for 2030 and 2050.